• Note how these strategic and tactical ideas that we evolved from the plan and action statements fit in nicely with the following comments by Napoleon:

– The art of land warfare is an art of genius, of inspiration … A general never knows anything with certainty, never sees his enemy clearly, never knows positively where he is. When armies are face to face, the least accident in the ground, the smallest wood, may conceal part of the enemy army. The most experienced eye cannot be sure whether it sees the whole of the enemy’s army or only three-fourths. It is by the mind’s eye, by the integration of all reasoning, by a kind of inspiration, that the general sees, knows, and judges.

– The first quality for a commander in chief is a cool head which receives a just impression of things; he should not allow himself to be confused by either good or bad news; the impressions which he receives successively or simultaneously in the course of a day should classify themselves in his mind in such a way as to occupy the place which they merit; because reason and judgment are the result of the comparison of various impressions taken into just consideration.

• Above comments by Napoleon reveal ever-present vulnerabilities and weaknesses that commanders and subordinates alike must accept. Hence,

• If we turn these comments around and connect them with the tactical and strategic ideas presented thus far, we surface a modern notion of grand tactics.